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The Gorilla Health Project
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The
Gorilla Health Project started off as a multidisciplinary
and multi-institutional initiative aimed at creating a comprehensive
database of health, husbandry, and nutritional information
for all gorillas housed in AZA zoos. The project has expanded
and now serves as an umbrella connecting several research
initiatives aimed toward understanding the complicated relationships
between captive care practices, gorilla health, and behavior.
Projects
under the umbrella of the Gorilla Health Project include:
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Heart
disease affects all apes. Visit the website for
The
Great Ape Heart Project,
where you can learn more and download forms
to
submit cardiac data.

Nik,
G.g.gorilla, North Carolina Zoological Park
(photo by Aaron Jesue)
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Gorilla
Health Project Database
Investigators:
Pam Dennis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and The Ohio
State University
Thomas Meehan, D.V.M, Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo
Hayley Weston Murphy, D.V.M., Zoo Atlanta
Natalie Mylniczenko, Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo
Sharon Gehri, Veterinary Technician, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Cardiac
disease is a major cause of death for adult gorillas in AZA institutions.
In November 2006 a workshop including physicians, veterinarians,
pathologists, and keepers was held to review what is known about
gorilla cardiac health, as well as to discuss how to address gorilla
health issues. This workshop marked the beginning of the Gorilla
Health Project, an initiative to improve our understanding of gorilla
health and ways to manage and prevent disease in this species. The
meeting identified a critical first step in understanding disease
issues of captive gorillas -- the formation of a comprehensive database
incorporating information from individual gorillas' medical, nutrition
and husbandry records. This database is essential for the identification
of risk factors associated with cardiac disease and other disease
syndromes seen in the captive population.
This
initiative was funded through the Conservation
Endowment Fund of the Association
of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).
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Cardiac Disease
Investigators:
Ilana Kutinsky, M.D., Beaumont Hospitals, MI
Suzan Murray, D.V.M., Smithsonian National Zoological Park
Tom Meehan, D.V.M., Chicago Zoological Society/ Brookfield
Zoo
Hayley Murphy, D.V.M., Zoo Atlanta
and Pam Dennis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
and The Ohio State University
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Cleveland
Metroparks Zoo staff and project personnel
monitor a gorilla and his echocardiogram (above, right) during
a routine veterinary exam (photos by Kristen Lukas) |
In
addition to developing the Gorilla Health Project database,
the veterinary advisory team is addressing
immediate health issues by actively investigating different
questions concerning gorilla health. They are mainly concerned
about the diagnostic challenges associated with identifying
heart disease in zoo gorillas. In gorillas, cardiac disease
traditionally has been diagnosed based on physical examination,
electrocardiography, and echocardiography. The gorilla cardiac
database was developed as a means of establishing normal parameters
for echocardiographic findings in order to allow better evaluation
of heart health in captive gorillas. This project will capitalize
on this database, and extend the work to further investigate
means of evaluating heart disease in gorillas, as well as examining
possible risk factors associated with heart disease in an effort
to understand the underlying cause of this disease in this species. |
ZOO
ATLANTA AWARDED GRANT FROM THE INSTITUTE OF MUSEUM AND LIBRARY
SERVICES
Funding demonstrates historic show of support for great
ape veterinary care
ATLANTA - August 23, 2010 - Zoo
Atlanta has received a prestigious grant from the federal
Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) to lead
a multi-institutional effort to examine heart disease in
great apes. The $92,000 grant represents an historic show
of support for an area of ape health care that has until
now been poorly understood by veterinarians.
Identified as a leading cause of death in great apes living
in zoological settings, cardiovascular disease (CVD) requires
advanced understanding of diagnosing, treating and monitoring
affected individuals, as well as adapting techniques already
in use for treatment of heart disease in humans and domestic
animals. Under the leadership of Hayley Murphy, DVM, Director
of Veterinary Services, the Zoo Atlanta Veterinary Team
will use the one-year grant to design an innovative national
program for investigating ape CVD and establishing state-of-the-art
diagnostics, treatment and prevention. Partnership institutions
include The University of Georgia, Cleveland
Metroparks Zoo, and more than 15 additional zoos and
universities.
"We are pleased and proud that IMLS saw the merit in
a project that will have a positive impact on great apes
in zoological collections throughout the world," said
Raymond King, President and CEO. "This is an important
step forward that will allow experts from around the country
to share knowledge and build on their individual strengths."
Zoo Atlanta is a likely candidate for leadership in a great
ape heart health initiative. The organization houses the
nation's largest collection of western lowland gorillas,
with 23 individuals, as well as the largest zoological collection
of orangutans in the U.S., currently with 11 individuals.
Four of the Zoo's great apes are over the age of 45.
"National Leadership Collaborative Planning Grants
provide opportunities to conduct research and develop the
framework to support future projects that have the potential
to generate new tools, research, models, services, practices,
or alliances that will positively impact museums, libraries,
and the communities they serve. These projects encourage
partnerships that address national issues of importance
impacting education, scholarship, and public service and
encourage the broad application of standards and models
to improve professional practice," said IMLS Acting
Director Marsha L. Semmel.
The Institute of Museum and Library Services is the primary
source of federal support for the nation's 123,000 libraries
and 17,500 museums. The Institute's mission is to create
strong libraries and museums that connect people to information
and ideas. The Institute works at the national level and
in coordination with state and local organizations to sustain
heritage, culture, and knowledge; enhance learning and innovation;
and support professional development. To learn more about
the Institute, visit www.imls.gov.
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People
need healthy hearts too! Learn more about heart health from the
American
Heart Association.
The Association between Several Serum Biomarkers
and Cardiovascular Disease Status in Captive Western Lowland Gorillas
(G. gorilla gorilla)
Investigators:
Eric Henthorn, Kent State University
Pam Dennis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and The
Ohio State University
Hayley
Murphy, D.V.M., Zoo Atlanta
Ilana
Kutinsky, M.D., Beaumont Hospitals, MI
William
Devlin, Michigan Heart Group, Troy
Mary
Ann Raghanti, Ph.D., Kent State University
Captive
western lowland gorilla (G. gorilla gorilla) mortality due
to cardiovascular disease has been reported to be as high as 41%
in adult males during a 10 year period. Postmortem diagnoses include
aortic dissection and fibrosing cardiomyopathy. We suspect that
cardiac disease in captive gorillas is associated with metabolic
syndrome, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and increased
inflammation. The aim of this study is to address the relationship
between several serum biomarkers and captive gorilla heart disease
status. Thus assays were performed for each biomarker and compared
to independently diagnosed cardiac disease for 31 male and 17 female
gorillas from AZA institutions. Cardiac disease status was identified
from echocardiographs. Final results of this investigation are pending.
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Training
Gorillas for Awake Blood Pressure Measurement
While blood pressure readings taken while animals are under
anesthesia may be unreliable, securing the cooperation of
an awake gorilla for taking blood pressure readings is no
easy task. However, the capacity to take waking blood pressure
readings is critical for monitoring and understanding gorilla
heart health. The Gorilla Health Project personnel would like
to commend Jodi Carrigan and Staff at Zoo Atlanta for their
success in training Ozzie, a silverback G.g.gorilla,
to voluntarily extend his arim into a sleeve used to take
blood pressure readings.
To read more about this amazing accomplishment,
please visit Atlanta's
11alive.com.
Download
instructions
for design of a cuff system to monitor gorilla blood pressure.
Learn
more about how zoos use training everyday to reduce distress
associated with medical procedures.
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Ozzie
trains with keepers to insert his arm into
a sleeve to take blood pressure readings
at Zoo Atlanta (photo by Stephanie Scanlin)
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Voluntary
Cardiac Ultrasound Training at Disney's Animal Kingdom®
Disney's
Animal Kingdom performs cardiac ultrasounds on all gorillas
during routine preventative health exams. Although the information
from these procedures is valuable, it is not considered to
be a reliable indicator of true awake values of the heart.
In 2008, ultrasound data from immobilized gorillas showed
that four out of five of our silverback gorillas had some
level of heart disease. Therefore in late 2008, it became
our top priority to train voluntary cardiac ultrasounds on
all five of the silverbacks in the collection. Within three
months, readable images were obtained from all five gorillas.
These images were promptly sent to the Gorilla Health Project
(GHP) vets in order to get accurate assessments of each gorillas'
level of heart disease. The GHP vets were able to modify their
original analysis of the immobilized images to determine the
true degree of heart disease for each gorilla. For two of
the gorillas the awake images showed a less severe degree
of heart disease than the previous immobilized images. One
of the gorillas whose immobilized images were not clear was
resolved of heart issues once his awake images were analyzed.
A medicinal regimen including follow up exams and medication
was implemented for three of the five gorillas. Because this
behavior is so critical to the health of the gorilla population,
the primate team at DAK has produced an instructional video
on how to train the behavior. It is currently in the final
phase of production and will be sent to all gorilla holding
facilities once it is complete.
- Rachel Daneault, Disney's Animal Kingdom®
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Audra
Emberton and Rachel Daneault conduct a cardiac ultrasound
on an awake G.g. gorilla
(photo © Disney's Animal Kingdom®)
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RELATED
PROJECTS
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Effects
of Dietary Resistant Starch on Cardiovascular Parameters,
Colon Health, and the Occurrence of Regurgitation and Reingestion
in Gorillas Housed at
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Investigators:
Pam Dennis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and
The Ohio State University
Burk DeHority, Ph.D., The Ohio State University Department
of Animal Sciences, Emeritus
Bill Weiss, Ph.D., The Ohio State University Department of
Animal Sciences
Kristen E. Lukas, Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Elena Hoellein Less, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and Case Western
Reserve University
Chris Peterson, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
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Mokolo,
G.g. gorilla, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo,
sports a fiber "mustache" after consuming
resistant starch (photo by Kristen Lukas)
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The
death of several adult male gorillas recently has increased concern
regarding the health of the captive gorilla population. Preliminary
necropsy findings indicated that heart disease may have played a
role in the animals' deaths. Additionally, several published studies
have demonstrated that cardiovascular disease contributes significantly
to mortality in the captive lowland gorilla population. Therefore,
this study addresses three important questions: 1. Does the addition
of resistant starch to the diet improve the cardiovascular risk
factors of the two adult male gorillas at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo?
2. Does the addition of resistant starch to the diet improve the
colonic environment? 3. Does the addition of resistant starch to
the diet reduce the occurrence of abnormal feeding behaviors, i.e.
regurgitation and reingestion, by the two adult male gorillas at
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo?
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Adiposity
in Captive Gorillas: Variance in BMI, Diet, and Activity Levels

Kwan,
a silverback, voluntarily allows keeper Jill Moyse to measure
his back at Lincoln Park Zoo (photo by Kathy Wagner)
This
study examines the influence of diet and activity level on
gorilla adiposity. The investigators propose that for captive
western lowland gorillas, those gorillas that are fed a diet
more similar to their wild counterparts and/or spend a large
percentage of time active will have lower adiposity as reflected
by body mass index and hormone levels. To test these hypotheses,
investigators are surveying the diet composition and feeding
protocol along with activity levels in all gorillas housed
in
AZA institutions. In conjunction with assessing diet and activity,
they
are measuring (1) serum hormone concentrations related to
adiposity,
(2) biological markers of inflammation and (3) body measurement
indices. As part of this study, researchers are developing
the first Body Mass Index (BMI) for western lowland gorillas.
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Investigators:
Elena Hoellein Less,
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and
Case Western Reserve University
Pam Dennis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and
The Ohio State University
Kristen E. Lukas, Ph.D.,
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Christopher Kuhar, Ph.D.,
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Mary Ann Raghanti, Ph.D., Kent State University
Researcher
Elena Less takes BMI measurements
on a gorilla during a routine veterinary exam at
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
(photo by Kristen Lukas)
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Removal of Primate Biscuits from Gorilla Diets: The Impact on Behavior,
Adiposity and Health
Investigators:
Elena Hoellein Less, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and Case Western
Reserve University
Richard A. Bergl, Ph.D., North Carolina Zoological Park, Duke University,
and North Carolina State University
Shana Lavin, Ph.D., Lincoln Park Zoo
Pam Dennis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo and The Ohio
State University
Kristen
E. Lukas, Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Christopher Kuhar, Ph.D., Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Mary Ann Raghanti, Ph.D., Kent State University
Mokolo,
G. g.gorilla, enjoys some greens at
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (photo by Elena Less)
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This study examines the influence of typical captive diets on
gorilla behavior, obesity and overall health. In particular,
we propose that for captive western lowland gorillas, replacing
biscuits and fruit with larger quantities of plant material
will reduce undesirable behaviors, increase activity and reduce
adiposity. To test this hypothesis, researchers are: measuring
the amount of time engaged in physical activity (i.e. foraging,
climbing, running, etc...) and the rate of feeding-related undesirable
behaviors according to the two different diet types; determining
concentrations of serum hormones related to adiposity and biological
markers of inflammation; examining stool volatile fatty acids;
and applying body measurement indices of physical condition
in a sample of captive western lowland gorillas. |
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Watch
a video about this study produced by Think: Research
at Case Western Reserve University
and learn more from AOL
news.
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Back
to Gorilla Health Page.
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